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How to use the past simple in English?

By: revel arroway Thu Sep 19 2024
English
Verbs

English speakers use the past simple (or “simple past”) for basically one thing: to talk about an action that is completely finished and that happened before the moment of speech.

She went to work yesterday.

she did it and now it is finished.

In this post we’ll be looking at:

  • How the past simple is formed

  • How the past simple is used

My students often looked at the past simple and thought it was hard. But it’s actually one of the easiest verb tenses in English! Let’s get down to brass tacks and talk about the past simple.

Table of Contents

    How to form verbs in the simple past?

    In the simple past, most verbs are formed like this:

    root

    -ed

    wanted

    walked

    loved

    Verbs that follow this pattern are called “regular verbs.” However, some common English verbs have irregular simple past forms, which do not follow this rule. For example:

    Irregular verb root
    Irregular simple past verb form
    be
    was / were
    go
    went
    do
    did
    get
    got
    have
    had

    The good news is that each verb has only one simple past form that you can use with any subject!

    Irregular verb root
    Irregular simple past verb form

    I / you / we / they / he / she / it

    wanted

    I / you / we / they / he / she / it

    got
    Exception!

    The verb be does have two different simple past forms:

    Subject
    Simple past verb form: be

    I / he / she / it

    was

    you / we / they

    were

    Fortunately, that is the one-and-only exception to this rule!

    Let’s talk a little bit more about regular and irregular verbs in the simple past.

    How to pronounce simple past verbs in English?

    In most cases, the written -ed is pronounced like a simple[d]or[t]stuck on the verb root:

    • walked

      wakt

    • loved

      luhvd

    However, if the root ends with a[d]or[t]sound, you need to add an extra syllable so that your past tense can be heard:

    • wanted

      wahn·tid

    • graded

      gray·did

    How to spell simple past verbs in English?

    There are some basic spelling rules (with many exceptions!) that you’ll want to look out for:

    • verbs that end in -e: just add a -d

      chase → chased

    • verbs that end in a consonant + -y: change the -y to -i and add -ed

      marry → married

    • double the final consonant in certain words:

      plan → planned

      refer → referred

    Tip

    These same spelling rules apply to most English endings that begin with a vowel, so it is helpful to learn them. Have a look at this sheet of rules for spelling English words with suffixes, for the full description of these rules.

    What are irregular past tense verbs in English?

    Irregular verbs in English are verbs that have a past tense form and/or a past participle form that is not formed by just adding -ed.

    Have a look at this list of English irregular verbs. Like most irregular verb charts, it has three columns. The second column is the simple past verb form. We’ve given you two different versions:

    • a version organized by difficulty

    • a version organized into some general categories based on the pattern they follow

    Tip

    Did you know? Only about 200 verbs in English are irregular verbs, but most irregular verbs are very common. This is because irregular verbs are verbs that have been part of English for a long time (since Old English or even before!), so they are usually words for basic actions people did even a long time ago.

    How to make sentences in the simple past

    Here is how to make different kinds of sentences in the simple past:

    • Affirmative sentence:

      subject

      simple past verb

      I visited the museum.

    • Negative sentence:

      subject

      did

      not / n't

      root

      I did not visit the museum.

      I didn't visit the museum.

    • Question:

      did

      subject

      root

      Did I visit the museum?

      Which museum did I visit ?

      Exception!

      To ask a question about the subject, we use the simple past form:

      simple past

      Who visited the museum?

    Affirmative sentences are easy! Just use the verb in its simple past form. It is called the “simple” past, because you only need to use one verb.

    But negative sentences and questions require another verb: did, which is called the “auxiliary verb.” Did is the simple past form of do.

    Important

    Notice that when you use an auxiliary verb, you do not use the simple past form of the verb (visited), you use the root form instead (visit)!

    auxiliaryrootsimple past

    did not visit

    did not visited

    The auxiliary verb did “holds” the past tense of the verb.

    Forming sentences in the simple past is just like forming sentences in the English simple present! Compare:

    Simple Present
    Simple Past
    Statement
    He visits the museum.
    He visited the museum.
    Question
    He does not visit the museum.Who visits the museum?
    He did not visit the museum.Who visited the museum?
    Negative
    Does he visit the museum?
    Did he visit the museum?
    Main Verb be
    Is he at the museum?He is not at the museum.
    Was he at the museum?He was not at the museum.
    Corrections
    No! He does visit the museum!
    No! He did visit the museum!

    Just as in the simple present, we follow these rules in the past simple:

    • Use the simple past/present form of the main verb:

      • In affirmative sentences

      • When the main verb is be

      • In questions about the subject

    • Use the auxiliary do:

      • In most questions

      • In most negative sentences

      • To correct someone

    Check out our posts on English negative sentences and English questions to learn more! Now that you see the basic structure of the past simple, when do you use it? That’s pretty simple too!

    When to use the simple past?

    We almost always use the simple past to talk about something that finished in the past (before the moment of speech).

    When we are talking about an action that happened in the past and is over/finished, we use the simple past. Take a look at Tom’s story about his bad day at work:

    Tom's Bad Day

    Boy, did I have a bad day at work yesterday! It all started first thing in the morning when my alarm clock didn’t go off, so I got up late and missed the bus to work. Then I spilled coffee on my shirt.

    My boss, Steve, came to my desk and asked me, “Did you finish the sales report?” I answered, “I forgot all about it!”

    Then the phone rang. It was my client, Mrs. Steltch. She was very angry because I didn’t call her back yesterday.

    I rushed all day and when I got home I was too tired to cook, so I ordered a pizza. But I didn’t have enough money to pay!

    I went to bed hungry and hoped that today would be better!

    An exclamation!
    Did you notice that Tom said Boy, did I have a bad day instead of Boy, I did have a bad day or Boy, I had a bad day? This is because he is forming an exclamation. One way to form an exclamation in English is to use the same word order as a question.

    Now, look at this timeline with all the horrible things that happened to Tom:

    A horizontal line is labeled "Time." A purple shading labeled "past simple; yesterday" covers this whole line. On the far right an arrow points to "Moment of speech." Along the top of the bar various labeled icons point to points during Tom's day. All are to the left of "moment of speech" and contained within the shaded region. From left to right: A clock labeled "got up late," a bus labeled "missed the bus," a spilled coffee labeled "spilled coffee," a clipboard labeled "forgot the report," a phone labeled "phone rang," a slice of pizza labeled "ordered a pizza," someone sleeping in a bed labeled "went to bed."

    Did you notice?

    • All actions happened in the past.

    • All actions are now finished.

    That’s a perfect example of how to use the simple past to tell us what happened to you in the past.

    🥸 Word watch!

    For the simple past, we often use time markers that tell us exactly when something happened. For example:

    • yesterday

    • the day before yesterday

    • last (week / month / year)

    • (a week / a month / a year) ago

    Summing up

    This time around you’ve seen just how easy it is to make and use the past simple.

    • To form the past simple:

      root

      -ed / irregular form

    • To use the past simple in sentences, we usually follow these rules:

      • Affirmative sentence: subject + simple past

      • Question: did + subject + root

      • Negative sentence: did + not + root

    • Use the simple past to talk about finished actions in the past and actions that happened once, before the moment of speaking.

    If you’d like to practice telling a simple past story, why not take advantage of our English simple past practice activities? Good luck!

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