How to use the present perfect in Spanish?

In Spanish, to talk about experiences or past events that are connected to the present we use the present perfect. For example: Ya hemos viajado a Perú. ("We have already traveled to Peru.") Today we’ll talk about the present perfect, a tenseNo definition set for tenseLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. you can use to talk about, for example, all your awesome travel experiences. The good thing with this tense is that it’s very similar to English! Do you want to know more? Read on!

The present perfect in Spanish is a compound tense. This means it’s a tense made up of two verbs: an auxiliary verb and a main verb. I’ll explain how to form it later on, so keep reading!

The present perfect in Spanish can be used to talk about past actions or events but that are somehow connected to the present. Let’s see in detail when it’s used:

• To talk about an action that began in the past and continues up to the present

  Think about the place where you live. How long have you lived there? I’ve lived in this apartment since I arrived in Chile, that is 2012! If I wanted to say this to you in Spanish, I’d say:

  He vivido en este apartamento desde 2012.

  I have lived in this apartment since 2012.

  I can use the present perfect here because it’s an action that started in 2012, but that is still going on (I continue to live in the same apartment). If you think about it, it’s the same use we make of it in English!

  Let’s make another example with a more recent past. The last time I talked with my brother was last Sunday, so I could say this:

  No he hablado con mi hermano esta semana.

  I haven’t talked with my brother this week.

  In this last example I can use the present perfect because the action (not talking with my brother) continues up to today. (I still haven’t talked with him!)

  Important

  We can also use the present perfect to talk about experiences we’ve never had with negative words like nunca ("never") and jamás ("ever"):

  Nunca he comido ostiones.

  I’ve never eaten oysters.

  Jamás he ido a Bolivia.

  I’ve never been to Bolivia.

  Conversely, you can use the frequency adverb siempre ("always") to express something that started in the past and continues into the present:

  Siempre he pensado que la educación es lo más importante.

  I’ve always thought that education is the most important thing.

• To talk about an action that was completed at an unfinished period of time in the past

  Now, let’s talk about the things we’ve done today. I’ll start:

  Hoy he cocinado el almuerzo, he almorzado y he lavado los platos.

  Today I have cooked lunch, I have had lunch, and I have washed the dishes.

  If I say this in the evening, I can use the present perfect because hoy ("today") is not over (I completed the actions before now, but the period of time —hoy ("today") — isn’t over yet).

  However, if the time period were over, then using the preterite would be a much better call:

  La semana pasada cociné ravioles.

  Last week I cooked ravioli.

  In this regard, time markers (words like hoy) are very important because they help you identify when the present perfect is necessary. Let’s see a second example:

  Hemos viajado mucho este año.

  We have traveled a lot this year.

  As you can see, I’m using the present perfect tense because the period of time (este año, "this year") isn’t over yet.

  Important

  To talk about an action completed recently there’s another alternative in Spanish, and that is using acabar de ("to have just") in the present tense:

  Acabo de cocinar el almuerzo.

  I have just cooked lunch.

• To talk about experiences without any indication of a specific time

  Similar to our previous point, you can use the present perfect in Spanish to talk about experiences without mentioning when they happened. Remember I told you about travel experiences? This is one of my favorite topics! Let’s talk about them. I’ll start:

  En mi tiempo en Chile, he viajado a Isla de Pascua y he visitado el norte de la Patagonia.

  In my time in Chile, I have traveled to Easter Island, and I have visited the north of Patagonia.

  Did you see what I did there? I told you where I’ve been, but I didn’t say when. To do so, the preterite is my go-to tense:

  Fui a Isla de Pascua en 2012.

  I went to Easter Island in 2012.

  If you want to know more about the Spanish preterite, don’t miss this post!

  Important

  In Spain and some regions of Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru, the present perfect is used for recent events, even if the time period being referenced is over. Whereas in most parts of Latin America we use the preterite when the time period is over, regardless of how recent the past event was.

  Spain and some regions of Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru	Most parts of Latin America
  He ido al supermercado esta mañana. I went to the supermarket this morning.	Fui al supermercado esta mañana. I went to the supermarket this morning.

I’m sure that you already have some sort of rule based on the examples in our previous section, don’t you? These are the ingredients for the present perfect in Spanish:

Let’s see what we have here:

• The first thing we need is the auxiliary verb haber ("to have") conjugated in the simple present. The verb haber is not commonly used in simple tensesNo definition set for simple tensesLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum., but it’s quite common for the impersonal verbsNo definition set for impersonal verbsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. hay ("there is/there are"), había ("there used to be"), hubo ("there was/there were"), etc.

• Then, you need the main verb of your sentence in a form called the past participle. The past participle is the verb that expresses the principal action. Some examples are: estudiado ("studied"), comido ("eaten"), escrito ("written"). If you’re not familiar with this verb form, check out these conjugation tables that will make it easier for you to learn them.

Now, I have a little test for you. Take a minute to go back to the first section and read the examples again. Focus on the form of the verbs in the past participle.

Did you notice that all past participles end in -o? This is because past participles as verbs are always invariable and they don’t need to agreeNo definition set for agreeLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. with anything else in the sentence such as: vivido ("lived"), cocinado ("cooked"), visitado ("visited").

Here are a few extra important details you need to consider with the present perfect structure:

• The auxiliary verb haber and the main verb in past participle always go together:

  ¿Has hablado con Juan esta semana?

  Have you talked with Juan this week?

  Even if you use an adverb in the sentence, haber and the main verb go together:

  Nunca he comido curanto.

  I have never eaten curanto.

• To make negative sentences, place the no (or other negative words) before haber:

  No han visto a Juan últimamente.

  They haven’t seen Juan lately.

  Nadie ha llamado hoy.

  No one has called today.

• For any sentence with a pronoun (,reflexive pronounsNo definition set for reflexive pronounsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. , direct object pronounsNo definition set for direct object pronounsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum., or indirect object pronounsNo definition set for indirect object pronounsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.), they are always placed before haber:

  Lo hemos visto con su hermana Lucía.

  We have seen him with his sister Lucía.

As you can probably imagine, there are some words and phrases that trigger the use of the present perfect in Spanish. Do you want to know what they are? Then check out this list of time markers we’ve prepared especially for you!

We have just learned how to use the present perfect in Spanish to talk about life experiences and about past events connected to the present. Remember, when forming this tense, you need two elements: the verb haber (in the simple present) and a main verb in the past participle form.

And since you’re here, what about checking what you’ve learned with this exercise? I hope you like it. ¡Hasta la próxima!