The English words this, that, these, and those are used to indicate or point out a noun (person, place, thing, or idea). They also give general information of the position of that noun.
We call this, that, these, and those “demonstrative adjectives” or “demonstrative pronouns,” depending on how they are used in a sentence:
Demonstrative adjectivesNo definition set for adjectivesLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. come before a nounNo definition set for nounLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.:
I saw that movie.
I know these facts.
Demonstrative pronounsNo definition set for pronounsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. replace a noun:
I saw that.
I know these.
In this post, we’re going to look at what this, that, these, and those mean and how to use them as adjectives and pronouns. Then we’ll look at another kind of demonstrative word in English, called demonstrative adverbs (here, there, now, then). Let’s get down to brass tacks!
The basic difference between this, that, these, and those is illustrated in the table below:
Nearby | Far away | |
|---|---|---|
Singular | this | that |
Plural | these | those |
Let’s look at some examples!
This book is thin.  | That boy is short.  |
These books are thick.  | Those boys are tall.  |
The distance is not always physical! For example two things can be close and far in time:
This week my son has a soccer game, but that week he didn’t.
This plan is better than that other one.
When this, that, these, and those come before a noun, they are called “demonstrative adjectives.”
This house is very big.
These houses are very beautiful.
Demonstrative adjectives are determiners in English. This means that:
When you are using other adjectives to describe something, the demonstrative adjective must come first:
✅ This cute, happy dog is named Alex.
❌ Cute, this, happy dog is named Alex.
You can’t use them with another determiner like articlesNo definition set for articlesLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. (the, a/an), possessive adjectivesNo definition set for possessive adjectivesLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. (my, your, their…), possessive nounsNo definition set for possessive nounsLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. (John’s), and some quantity adjectivesNo definition set for quantity adjectivesLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. (some, any, many...).
❌ The that dog is named Alex.
There is actually one more demonstrative adjective in English: yonder (sometimes shortened to yon). This is used for something that is very far away and usually out of sight, like something at the other end of the street or across a valley.
I just got back from yonder store with the eggs.
This word is mostly not used in modern English, but you may hear it in some dialects (like in the Appalachian Mountains or in Scottish English). Yonder is not used as a demonstrative pronoun, but it can be a demonstrative adverb, which we’ll talk about below!
When we use this, that, these, or those alone, without a following noun, we call them “demonstrative pronouns.”
I saw that movie yesterday. → I saw that yesterday.
I’ve seen this movie before. → I’ve seen this before.
I got those toys for Sarah. → I got those for Sarah.
I got these toys for Sarah. → I got these for Sarah.
Here are some special rules for demonstrative pronouns:
Use this / these + be to present or introduce someone inside a conversation or to name something near the speaker:
This is my friend Melody.
These are my friends, the Lees.
This is my new invention, the Whoosiwhatsit!
Use that / those + be to name someone who is not in the conversation or to name something that is further away from the speaker:
That is my friend Melody over there.
Those were my friends, the Lees.
That is my new invention, the Whoosiwhatsit!
If you are using a verb that is not a linking verbNo definition set for linking verbLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum., do not use a demonstrative pronoun to replace a person. It is very rude. Instead use a personal pronoun (he/him, she/her, or they/them) or just use a demonstrative adjective + noun.
I saw that girl yesterday. →
❌ I saw that yesterday.
✅ I saw her yesterday.
I saw these people yesterday. →
❌ I saw these yesterday.
✅ I saw them yesterday.
That man came to visit yesterday. →
❌ That came to visit yesterday!
✅ He came to visit yesterday!
It is also better to use a personal pronoun to replace any noun that can think or that we think of as more like a person than an object:
I think that cute puppy belongs to Mark. →
🆗 I think that belongs to Mark.
✅ I think it / he / she belongs to Mark.
We often use the phrases this / that one or these / those ones to contrast two similar nouns in English. For example:
I’m watching this movie today, but I saw that one yesterday.
I’ve seen that movie before, but I’ve never seen this one.
I got these toys for Sarah and I got those ones for Paul.
I got those toys for Sarah. These ones are for Paul.
Unlike the demonstrative pronouns, we can use this/that one or these/those ones to refer to people or things. Here are some cases where you might need or want to use them for people:
When you are contrasting two people:
Mrs. Marcus’s kids are not as well behaved as these ones.
I’ve never met a girl as nice as this one.
When you are treating people as objects to move around:
Which kids will ride with you?
I’ll take these ones in my car, and you can take those ones.
To show that you find a child, pet, or inferior person exasperating or troublesome:
Mrs. Marcus’s youngest son is a tornado! That one is going to get in trouble when he starts school!
However, a personal pronoun or demonstrative adjective + noun is usually a more polite way to refer to a person.
The English demonstrative adverbs are here, there, now, and then. Like demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative adverbs “point out” a particular thing. However, demonstrative adjectives are used to point out:
the place where something is
the place where something happens
he direction something is moving
the time when something happened
Let’s look first at here and there, then we’ll look at now and then.
We use here and there to “point out” where something is (its location) or which way it is going (its direction of motion).
here → nearby or towards us
there → far away or away from us
here (nearby, close, toward us) | there (far away, distant, away from us) | |
|---|---|---|
|  | |
Place (where it is or where it happens) | The book is (over) here. The book sat here. | The book is (over) there. The book sat there. |
Direction (where it is going) | He came here. He brought the book here. | He went there. He put the book there. |
A few points about using here and there:
Use here/there + be when you point to or present a noun or an noun’s location.
Here is your dinner!
There is my favorite teacher.
It may seem like here/there is and this/that is have the same meaning, but they are a little different! Here/there is refers to the location of something, where this/that is refers to its name or designation.
Here/there is Melody.
This/that is Melody.
However, there are cases where they are used similarly in context. For example, you can use either phrase to help someone find their seat in a theater:
Here/there are your seats.
These/those are your seats.
We also use the phrase there is simply to say that something exists. But there for existence is called “existential” or “expletive” there. Can you see the difference?
There is Mark’s dog.
There is a dog at Mark’s house.
Have a look at our post on existential there in English to learn more!
Here and there alone can mean either at nearby/far away or to nearby/far away.
She’s here.
She’s there.
Come here!
Go there!
However, you can use them after prepositions of place or prepositions of motion to give a more specific description of a nearby or distant place. For example:
Hide under here/there!
New York? I come from there!
We keep our toys in here/there.
I ran up here/there.
The ball rolled down here/there.
We often use the words over and right before here and there in speech.
Use over to give a general location or direction.
Let’s sit over there by the pool.
I wish she would come over here.
Use right if you are giving an exact location or clarifying.
No, it’s not over there, it’s right here! Look!
You can’t see him? He’s right there!
The word yonder which we met above, can also be demonstrative adverb of place/direction. It means there, but is usually more distant or out-of-sight.
We live over yonder.
I went over yonder to the store.
This use is also not used much anymore and is mostly found in certain English dialects.
We use now and then to “point out” when something happened or when a situation existed.
now → during the time when we are speaking
then → in the past or future
For example:
John is taller now than he was a year ago. He has grown since then.
Do you want to come over now? I’ll have food at 2:00, maybe you should come then, instead…
Some things to notice:
The word now means at the present time, and then means at a particular past/future time.
I like him now.
I liked him then.
However, you can use now and then after prepositions of time like until, by, since, before, or after.
She didn’t like him until now.
I thought I would be rich by now.
I’ve been a lot happier since then.
I should have done my homework before now.
Though now usually refers to the moment of speech, in some narratives now can refer to the “now” for the character. For example:
Mr. Jones was so hungry. If he didn’t get something to eat right now, he thought he might collapse!
But you can also just use then:
Mr. Jones was so hungry. If he didn’t get something to eat right then, he thought he might collapse!
Use right + now/then to give an exact moment in time. Use back + then to talk about a time in the distant past.
She decided right then to get a Master’s degree.
She didn’t eat vegetables much back then, but now she’s cooking zucchini!
And those are all the demonstrative words of English! In this post we saw:
How to use this, that, these, and those, as adjectives (before a noun) or as pronouns (instead of a noun):
Number | Close | Far |
|---|---|---|
Singular | this | that |
Plural | these | those |
We also saw how to use demonstrative adverbs here, there, now, and then:
Use for… | Close | Far |
|---|---|---|
Location/Direction | here | there |
Time | now | then |
Ready to get some practice? Have a look at our English this, that, these, and those activities! Best of luck!
